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Study for the Sforza Monument c. 1488/89 Metalpoint on blue prepared paper, 116 x 203 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12357r) 64 Study for the Sforza Monument c. 1488/89 Metalpoint on blue prepared paper, 116 x 203 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12358r) 65 Sketch of the Casting Pit for the Sforza Horse seen from above (top) and the side (bottom) c. 1493 Pen and ink, 210 x 144 mm Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional Codex Madrid II (MS 8936) Fol. 149r 66 Study relating to the Casting of Sforza Horse, 20 December 1493 Red chalk, 210 x 144 mm Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional Codex Madrid II (MS 8936) Fol. 151v 67 Sketch of a Wooden Framework for Transporting Sforza Monument c. 1493 Red chalk, 295 x 207 mm Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional Codex Madrid II (MS 8936) Fol. 577v/216v-a 68 Sketch of a Wooden Framework for Transporting and Lowering the Mould Red chalk, 210 x 140 mm Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional Codex Madrid II (MS 8936) Fol. 154r 69 Study of the Wooden Framework with Casting Mould for the Sforza Horse, 1491 Red chalk, 210 x 146 mm Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional Codex Madrid II (MS 8936) Fol. 157v 70 Study of Wooden Framework with Casting Mould for the Sforza Horse, 1491 Red chalk, 210 x 146 mm Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional Codex Madrid II (MS 8936) Fol. 154v 70 Study of Wooden Framework with Casting Mould for the Sforza Horse, 1491 Red chalk, 210 x 146 mm Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional Codex Madrid II (MS 8936) Fol. 155v 70 Drawing of the Ironwork Casting Mould for the Head for the Sforza Horse, 1491 Red chalk, 210 x 146 mm Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional Codex Madrid II (MS 8936) Fol. 156v-157r 75 Studies for the Trivulzio Monument c. 1508-1511 Pen and ink, 280 x 198 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12355r) 74 Studies for the Trivulzio Monument c. 1508-1511 Pen and ink, 280 x 198 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12353r) 76 Studies for the Trivulzio Monument c. 1508-1511 Pen and ink and black chalk, 224 x 160 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12360r) 83 Study of Horses Heads c. 1481 Metalpoint 215 x 148 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12385r) 87 Horse Studies c. 1493/94 Metalpoint in blue prepared paper, 212 x 160 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12321r) 88 Horse Studies c. 1480 Metalpoint in blue prepared paper, 114 x 196 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12315r) 89 Horse Studies c. 1480 Metalpoint, pen and ink on orange prepared paper, 117 x 194 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12325r) 90 Horse Study and Study of a Mule c. 1478 Metalpoint, 143 x 199 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12308r) 98 Drawing the Body of a Horse c. 1481/82 Metalpoint and white heightening on blue prepared paper, 85 x 148 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12289r) 99 Battle Between a Rider and a Griffin c. 1482 Metalpoint on a pale prepared blue paper, 88 x 138 mm Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 100 Battle Between A Rider And a Dragon c. 1482 Stylus Underdrawing, pen and a brush on paper, 139 x 190 mm London, British Museum Inv. 1952-10-11-2 101 Two Horsemen Fighting A Dragon for Horse Studies Pen and brush on paper, 190 x 119 mm Paris, Musee du Louvre, Cabinet des Dessins, Inv. 781 recto, Collection Edmond de Rothschild 102 Horse Studies c. 1505 Pen and ink, 210 x 183 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12328r) 103 Rider on Rearing Horse c. 1482 Pen and ink over Metalpoint, 141 x 119 mm Cambridge, The Fitzwilliam Museum, PD. 44-1999 104 Horse Studies c. 1505 Pen and ink and red chalk 153 x 142 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12336r) 105 Leonardo with additions by a pupil (angel) Sheet of Sketches of an Angel and Various Studies of Machines, Horses and Riders c. 1503/1506 Pen and ink, 210 x 285 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12328r) 106 Horse Studies c. 1503-1505 Pen and ink, 170 x 140 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12330r) 107 Study of a Horse’s Head and Various Studies relating to Solar System c. 1503-1504 Pen and ink, 308 x 196 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12326v) 108 Study of a Battle with Horsemen and Foot Soldiers c. 1511 Red and black chalk on reddish prepared paper, 148 x 207 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12332r) 109 Sheet of Studies of Horses, a Cat and Fight with a Dragon c. 1508 Pen and ink over black chalk, 298 x 212 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12331r) 429 Arno Landscape 5 August 1473 Pen and ink, 190 x 285 mm Florence, Galleria degli Uffizi Gabinetto dei Desegni e delle Stampe, Inv. 436E c. 1506 Black chalk, 96 x 137 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12408r) 431 Rolling Hills and Rock Pinnacles c. 1506 Red chalk, 93 x 152 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12405r) 432 Mountain Peaks and Foothills with a River in the Foreground c. 1506 Black chalk, 96 x 137 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12406r) 432 Town on a Valley Floor in Front of Mountains c. 1506 Black chalk, 88 x 145 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12407r) 434 View of a River Valley with a Canal c. 1506 Pen and ink and Black chalk, 85 x 160 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12398r) 435 houses Over A Canal Running Alongside A Winding River c. 1506 Pen and ink, 100 x 147 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12399r) 436 Horizontal Strata of Rocks c. 1510-1513 Pen and ink over Black chalk, 185 x 268 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12394r) 438 A Marshy Plain, Seen from Above, and Notes c. 1511 Red chalk on red prepared paper, 150 x 235 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12414r) 432 Mountain Peaks and Foothills with a River in the Foreground c. 1506 Black chalk, 96 x 137 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12412r) 439 Study of a Quarry Beside A River c. 1511 Red chalk and red prepared paper, 133 x 240 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12415r) 441 Snow-capped Peaks c. 1511 Red chalk with white heightening on red prepared paper, 105 x 160 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12410r) 441 Mountain Panaroma and Wooded Landscape Around a Lake or River c. 1511 12411: 54 x 182 mm and 12413: 62 x 147 mm Red chalk on red prepared paper Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12411r and RL 12413r) 443 Sheets of Studies of Water c. 1508-1510 268 x 182 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12662r) 444 View of River Adda with the Ferry between Vaprio and Canonica c. 1513 Pen and ink, 100 x 128 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12400r) 445 Sheet of Studies of Water c. 1508-1510 Pen and ink over red chalk, 205 x 203 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12661r) 446 Sheets of Studies of Water Flowing Past Obstacles c. 1508-1510 Pen and ink over red chalk, 290 x 202 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 124660r) 447 Sheets of Studies of Water Flowing Past Obstacles and Sketch of Whirlpool c. 1508-1510 Pen and ink, 209 x 202 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 1266v) 448 Old Man Seated on a Rocky Outcrop Profile to the Right, with Water Studies c. 1510-1513 Pen and ink, 152 x 213 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12579r) 449 Storm in a Valley over Foothills of the Alps c. 1506 Red chalk, 200 x 150 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12409r) 450 Explosion of rock Caused By Bursting of a Water Vein c. 1508-1511 Black Chalk, 178 x 278 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12387) 451 Explosion of rock Caused By Bursting of a Water Vein and Creation of waves in a Lake by the Falling of Boulders c. 1515 Pen and two inks (brown and yellow) over black chalk, 162 x 203 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12380r) 452 Deluge Descending a Valley c. 1515 Pen and two inks (brown and yellow) over black chalk, 162 x 203 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12380r) 453 after Leonardo (Francesco Melzi?) Explosion of Rock with Water Outburst in the Centre c. 1515 Black chalk, 152 x 205 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12381r) 454 Deluge over a Town on Hill c. 1515 Black chalk, 158 x 210 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12385r) 455 Deluge over Falling Trees c. 1515 black chalk, 161 x 210 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12386r) 457 Deluge and Storm over a Wooded Region c. 1515 Black chalk, 165 x 204 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12384r) 457 Deluge over the Sea c. 1515 Black chalk, 158 x 210 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12383r) 458 Storms, Clouds, vortices, and Torrents of Water over Rocky Landscape c. 1515 Black chalk, 158 x 203 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12377r) 459 A Town at the Centre of Cloudburst c. 1508-1511 Black chalk, 163 x 210 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12378r) 460 Storms, Clouds over a River or Lake and Trees c. 1514 Pen and ink and brown washes over black chalk, 157 x 203 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12379r) 461 Sheets of Various Studies of Destruction of Rocks c. 1511/12? Pen and ink over traces of black chalk, 300 x 203 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12388r) 462 Storm and Flood in a Bay with Castle and Viaduct c. 1515 Pen and ink over black chalk, 163 x 206 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12401r) 463 Tempster over Horsemen and Trees with Enormous Waves c. 1514 Pen and two ink over black chalk with touches of wash and white heightening on grey prepared paper, 270 x 408 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12376r) 464 Map of Northern Italy, showing the West Coast from the Mouth of the Mangra River to Toscannella and Corneto c. 1502/03 Pen and ink and watercolor, 317 x 449 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12277r) 465 Bird’s Eye-View of the Region around Arezzo c. 1502 Pen and ink over black chalk, 209 x 281 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12682r) 452 Bird’s Eye-View of the Landscape, showing the Tuscan Cities of Arezzo, Perugia, Chiusi and Siena, c. 1502 Pen and ink over watercolor, 338 x 448 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12278r) 467 Map Showing a Part of Tuscany around the Arno Region c. 1503 Pen and ink over watercolor, 210 x 300 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12278r) 468 Map Showing the Proposed Course of the Arno Canal c. 1503/04 Pen and ink over black chalk, 335 x 482 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12279r) 469Topographical Map of the Region of the Northwest of Florence, showing valleys of Lucca, Pistoia and the Prato North of the Arno Valley in the South c. 1503/04 Pen and ink over blackchalk, 240 x 367 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12685r) 470 Embankments and Breakwaters to divert the Arno, a few Kilometers East of Florence c. 1504 Pen and ink over watercolor, 240 x 367 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12680r) 471 Cartographic Study of the Canal Network branching off from the Arno River around Pisa c. 1503 Pen and ink over watercolor, 210 x 300 mm Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional Codex Madrid II (MS 8936) ff. 52v-53r 472 Map Showing a Part of Tuscany: Volterra in the Southeast , Pisa (beside the Arno) in the Northwest and 100 km of coastline, c. 1503/04 Pen and ink over black chalk and watercolor, 275 x 401 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12683r) c. 1506/07 Pen and ink over watercolor, 210 x 300 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12676r) 475 Topographical Map showing rivers Arno and Mugnone to the West of Florence c. 1504 Pen and ink over black chalk, 285 x 210 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 12677r) 476 Schematic Plan of Milan c. 1508-1510 Pen and ink, 285 x 210 mm Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Codex Atlanticus, fol. 199v-/73v-a 480 Archetectural Studies for a City of Several Levels c. 1487-1490 Pen and ink, 233 x 165 mm Paris, Bibliotheque de Institut de France, MS B 2173, fol. 16r 481 Study for the Cupola of Milan Cathedral c. 1487-1490 Pen and ink, 332 x 293 mm Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Codex Atlanticus, fol. 850r/310r-b 483 Study for the Crossing Cupola of Milan Cathedral and for Scaffolding for the Vault c. 1487-1490 Pen and ink, 275 x 271 mm Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Codex Atlanticus, fol. 719/266r-a-b 484 Study for a Building with Centralized Plan c. 1487-1490 Pen and ink, 233 x 163 mm Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Codex Atlanticus, fol. 850r/310r-b 485 Study for a Building with Centralized Plan c. 1487-1490 Pen and ink, 233 x 166 mm Paris, Bibliotheque de Institut de France, Codex Ashburnham 1875/1 (MS B 2184) fol. 4r 486 Study for a Building with Centralized Plan c. 1487-1490 Pen and ink, 233 x 162 mm Paris, Bibliotheque de Institut de France, Codex Ashburnham 1875/1 (MS B 2184) fol. 5v 487 Study for a Building with Centralized Plan c. 1487-1490 Pen and ink, 233 x 166 mm Paris, Bibliotheque de Institut de France, Codex Ashburnham 1875/1 (MS B 2173) fol. 22r 488 Study for a Building with Centralized Plan c. 1487-1490 Pen and ink, 233 x 166 mm Paris, Bibliotheque de Institut de France, Codex Ashburnham 1875/1 (MS B 2173) fol. 25v 489 Study for a Building with Centralized Plan c. 1487-1490 Pen and ink, 232 x 165 mm Paris, Bibliotheque de Institut de France, Codex Ashburnham 1875/1 (MS B 2173) ff. 17v-18r 487 Study for a Building with Centralized Plan and a Fortress c. 1487-1490 Pen and ink, 232 x 165 mm Paris, Bibliotheque de Institut de France, Codex Ashburnham 1875/1 (MS B 2173) fol. 18v-19r 497 Study for a Church Facade c. 1495-1497 Pen and ink over metalpoint on yellowish prepared paper, 213 x 152 mm Venice, Galleria dell Accademia Inv. 238v 498 Architectural Designs for the Casa Guiscardi c. 1497 or later Pen and ink, 284 x 204 mm Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Codex Atlanticus, fol. 426r/158r-a 500 Various Architectural Studies and Anatomical Drawing of a Bird’s Wing c. 1513 Pen and ink, 274 x 201 mm Windsor Castle, Royal Library (RL 19107v) 507 Study for a Steam Blower (Puffer) and a Drive Mechanism for Potter’s Wheel c. 1478-1480 Pen and ink, 203 x 286 mm Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Codex Atlanticus, fol. 1112v/400v-a 508 Stud of an Automobile c. 1478-1480 Pen and ink, 265 x 167 mm Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Codex Atlanticus, fol. 812r/296v-a 509 Studies for Hydraulic Devices c. 1478-1480 Pen and ink, 284 x 202 mm Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Codex Atlanticus, fol. 7r/386r-a 510 Study for a Revolving Crane c. 1478-1480 Pen and ink, 315 x 200 mm Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana Codex Atlanticus, fol. 965r/349r-a
This technique of transferring a drawing to another surface (as also employed for the two portraits reproduced as Cat. VII and Cat. XII) consisted of using a needle to prick a hole at regular intervals along the outlines of a design. According to one method, a second sheet was thereby laid beneath the first and was perforated by the needle at the same time; the holes left behind were subsequently were joined up into lines. Alternatively, the surface of the pricked drawing was dusted with a dark pounce which passed through the perforations onto surface beneath, be it another sheet of paper or the support for a painting. When the top drawing was removed, it left behind a string of chalk dots from which the draughtsman or painter could take the lead. It is a striking fact in the present drawing that not all outlines of the flower have been pricked: the top of the stem carrying the closed buds has been omitted from this procedure. This and the fact that the actual outlines do not always coincide precisely with the pricked holes suggest that the sheet did not itself serve as an original, but that its outlines were transferred by the pricking method from another design before Leonardo commenced drawing. The purpose of the study was thus to elaborate and refine the original subject, a process that lead to clearly visible changes. This does not exclude the possibility that the sheet later served as the basis for a reworking of the motif ny Leonardo himself or as an original for his pupils to copy. The lines of motion traced by the elongated leaves thereby recall Leonardo’s studies of water. In these studies of trees viewed at a distance, he develops a graphic technique that captures the flickering of the light reflecting off a thousand leaves with greater fidelity to life than any other more detailed rendering could do. These studies subsequently provided the botanical details in larger paintings, of which prominent Florentine examples include Adoration of Magi of 1423, with its copious detailed representations of plants in the ornamental fields of frame. A similar wealth of flora can be found not least, of course, in Leonardo’s own paintings, in particular the Annunciation, the two versions of the Virgin of the rocks and the decorative scheme of Salla delle Asse (Cat. V, VI, XVI and XIX). The outlines of flowers were sketched in the black chalk and then redrawn with a pen. A wash in several shades of brown was then applied with a brush, and lastly the lightest areas “heightened” with white. Thus it can be concluded both from its subjects and its detailed execution that the study is based on a specimen drawing: on the one hand it portrays a flower that, a symbol of purity, regularly appeared in painting – as, for example, in Leonardo’s own Annuciation (Cat. V); on the other hand, the size and fidelity to nature of the study, in particular the fact that it reveals signs of transfer, indicate that it either served as a specimen or was copied from another original. The lily has namely been pricked with a needle along its outlines and thus bears the traces of the earlier forms of mechanical reproduction. |